Case database
Court and regulator decisions on artificial intelligence from Türkiye, Korea and around the world, each summarised as facts, question, decision and significance, in three languages.
80 decisions shown
Arizona Court of Appeals, Division One · State of Arizona v. Horcasitas
Arizona’s Court of Appeals vacated a 10.5-year manslaughter sentence because the judge relied on an AI-generated video of the victim forgiving the defendant.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit · Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. ROSS Intelligence Inc.
The Third Circuit affirmed that ROSS Intelligence’s use of Westlaw headnotes to train a competing AI legal research tool was not fair use.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit · Doe v. GitHub, Inc.
The Ninth Circuit affirmed dismissal of the DMCA claim, holding that Copilot and Codex generate new works instead of stripping attribution from copies of code.
Superior Electoral Court of Brazil (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, TSE) · Federação Brasil da Esperança v. Flávio Bolsonaro (AI video of Jair Bolsonaro at the PL convention)
The TSE held that a deepfake requires realistic synthetic content and that the ban covers only electoral propaganda; a fine over a convention video failed 4–3.
Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, AP) · Uber (automated deactivation of drivers)
The Dutch DPA found Uber breached the GDPR ban on fully automated decisions by deactivating drivers for suspected fraud or low ratings with no human review.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit · Cornish-Adebiyi v. Caesars Entertainment, Inc.
The Third Circuit revived claims that Atlantic City casino-hotels fixed room prices through Cendyn’s Rainmaker software, which pooled their non-public data.
Delhi High Court (single judge) · ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v. Open AI OpCo LLC
The Delhi High Court held, prima facie, that storing ANI’s news for LLM training fell under section 52(1)(a) of the Copyright Act and refused an injunction.
Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) · Tiktok Pte. Ltd.; Apple Distribution International Limited and Apple Services Pte. Ltd.
The PIPC fined TikTok KRW 10.3 billion and Apple's ADI KRW 252 million over Siri recordings and transcripts, and issued corrective orders.
Seoul Administrative Court · Kakao Pay v. Personal Information Protection Commission
Seoul Administrative Court treated Kakao Pay's transfer of some 40 million users' data to Alipay for NSF scoring as an unconsented third-party provision.
Patent Court of Korea · Company A (anonymised) invalidation action
In an invalidation case the Patent Court stated that many precedents the plaintiff relied on did not exist and that filing them unverified was inappropriate.
Kızılcahamam Civil Court of First Instance · Yapay zekâ ile hazırlanan dilekçede hatalı Yargıtay künyeleri
When the cited Court of Cassation references could not be found on UYAP, the court reported the lawyer to the bar and prosecutors the same day.
Ankara Regional Court of Appeal, 20th Civil Chamber · Yapay zekâ ile ses klonlama (görev uyuşmazlığı)
The chamber held that a claim over unauthorised AI use of a person's voice is a personality-rights and data-protection dispute, not a copyright one.
Turkish Competition Board · Meta Platforms, Inc., Meta Platforms Ireland Limited, WhatsApp LLC ve Meta Platforms İstanbul Bilişim Hizmetleri Ltd. Şti.
The Board opened an investigation into Meta over Meta AI in WhatsApp and ordered it to let rival generative AI assistants operate there.
Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC), jointly with the Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta privacy regulators · Joint investigation of OpenAI OpCo, LLC (ChatGPT)
Four Canadian regulators found that OpenAI over-collected data and lacked valid consent when training GPT-3.5 and GPT-4; their conclusions differ by statute.
Istanbul 14th Commercial Court of First Instance · Tanıma ve tenfiz (Amsterdam Mahkemesi kararı)
In an enforcement case the court recorded that it used AI only as a research and translation aid, under the Public Officials Ethics Board principles.
Personal Data Protection Board (KVKK) · Mesai Takibi Amacıyla Biyometrik Veri İşlenmesi Hakkında İlke Kararı
By a principle decision the Board found biometric attendance tracking disproportionate and required cards, PINs or signatures instead.
Superior Court of Quebec · Association des ressources intermédiaires d'hébergement du Québec (ARIHQ) c. Santé Québec – CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal
The court set aside an award whose key reasoning rested on non-existent case law and doctrine, finding the arbitrator had improperly delegated his decision.
High Court of England and Wales, King’s Bench Division, Administrative Court (Divisional Court) · R (Thompson and Carlo) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
The Divisional Court held that the Met’s 2024 live facial recognition policy is clear and foreseeable enough to meet the ECHR ‘quality of law’ requirement.
Tribunale di Roma (Rome Civil Court) · OpenAI v Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (ChatGPT)
The Rome court annulled the Garante's fine, holding that competence passed to the Irish authority once OpenAI had a main establishment in Ireland.
Nanjing Intermediate People's Court · Li v. Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (李某诉北京百度网讯科技有限公司)
The courts ordered Baidu to apologise in writing for an 'AI smart answer' that showed a lawyer as a convict; its hallucination defence failed.
Constitutional Court of Korea · Transfer of immigration face data for AI training (2021Hun-Ma1575 et al.)
The Court unanimously dismissed as inadmissible a complaint over some 170 million immigration face images made available to firms to train AI.
Turkish Competition Board · Whaleco Technology Limited ve Whaleco Turkey Teknoloji AŞ (Temu)
The Board found Temu's algorithmic price suggestions and traffic incentives close to a wide MFN in effect, but harmless to competition given its small share.
UK Supreme Court · Emotional Perception AI Ltd v Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
Adopting the EPO's 'any hardware' approach, the Supreme Court overturned the refusal of an ANN-based application and sent it back for examination.
Administrative Review Tribunal (Guidance and Appeals Panel) · Bunnings Group Limited and Privacy Commissioner
The tribunal held that Bunnings could rely on a consent exception for its facial recognition system but upheld findings on notice and governance.
Hanseatic Higher Regional Court of Hamburg (OLG Hamburg) · Kneschke v LAION e.V.
OLG Hamburg held that LAION's copying of a photo to build a dataset was covered by §§ 44b and 60d UrhG; the case is now before the Federal Court of Justice.
Munich Regional Court I (Landgericht München I), 42nd Civil Chamber · GEMA v OpenAI
Munich Regional Court I held that memorising lyrics in ChatGPT's models and reproducing them in outputs infringed copyright; the TDM exception did not apply.
Supreme Court of Korea · Naver v. Korea Fair Trade Commission (video search)
The Supreme Court held that a platform may design its search algorithm on its own judgment and that a ranking boost is not deception in itself; case remanded.
High Court of England and Wales, Business and Property Courts (Intellectual Property List) · Getty Images (US) Inc & Ors v Stability AI Ltd
The High Court rejected Getty's secondary copyright claim over Stable Diffusion and found only limited, historic trade mark infringement from watermarks.
Spanish Data Protection Agency (Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, AEPD) · A.A.A. (anonymised): dissemination of AI-manipulated nude images
The AEPD held that a person who shared AI-manipulated nude images in a messaging group had processed personal data without a legal basis under the GDPR.
Supreme Court of Korea · Naver v. Korea Fair Trade Commission
The Supreme Court set aside a judgment upholding a KRW 26.6 billion fine on Naver and required concrete proof of anticompetitive effect and intent.
Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber) · Information Commissioner v Clearview AI Inc (Privacy International intervening)
The Upper Tribunal held that the ICO had jurisdiction over Clearview AI, reading “behavioural monitoring” broadly and rejecting a foreign-state exclusion.
Federal Court of Australia · eSafety Commissioner v Rotondo (No 4)
In what the Commissioner called the first civil penalty case under the Online Safety Act, the court penalised deepfake posting and defiance of a removal notice.
Delhi High Court (single judge) · Aishwarya Rai Bachchan v. Aishwaryaworld.com & Ors.
The Delhi High Court barred misuse of the actor's persona through any technology including generative AI and ordered takedowns and blocking.
Copyright Tribunal of Kenya · Aryeh Movement Limited v Akoth & another
Setting aside a KECOBO decision in a registration dispute, the Tribunal said AI-generated aspects of works are unprotected without sufficient human input.
Supreme Court of Korea · Supreme Court 2024Do17801 (anonymised)
The Supreme Court held that deepfakes using a real minor's face can fall under the “clearly recognisable representation” limb when they depict sexual acts.
Ankara 7th Criminal Judgeship of Peace · Grok (X / xAI) paylaşımları
After prosecutors opened a probe into Grok's insulting replies, a criminal judgeship of peace blocked access to 50 of its posts.
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · Bartz v. Anthropic PBC
The court held that training Claude on books was fair use but downloading pirated copies for a central library was not; the case then settled.
High Court of England and Wales, King's Bench Division (Divisional Court) · R (Ayinde) v London Borough of Haringey; Al-Haroun v Qatar National Bank QPSC and QNB Capital LLC
The Divisional Court held that lawyers must verify AI-assisted research against authoritative sources, and referred those involved to their regulators.
Seoul High Court · Kakao Mobility v. Korea Fair Trade Commission
The Seoul High Court quashed a KRW 27.12 billion fine and orders over alleged favouring of Kakao T Blue taxis in AI-assisted dispatch; appeal pending.
U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida · Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc.
A Florida federal court declined, at the pleading stage, to treat Character.AI’s chatbot output as protected speech and let most claims proceed.
Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) · DeepSeek
The PIPC found DeepSeek had sent Korean users' data, prompts included, to firms in China and the US without notice, and told it to delete the prompts.
Turkish Competition Board · Amazon Turkey Perakende Hizmetleri Ltd. Şti. (otomatik fiyatlandırma mekanizması)
In a probe into sellers' repricing algorithms, two platforms gave commitments; Amazon was cleared, partly because its tool was rule-based.
Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante per la protezione dei dati personali) · Luka Inc. (Replika)
The Garante fined Luka Inc., operator of the companion chatbot Replika, EUR 5 million for failings on legal basis, transparency and age verification.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit · Thaler v. Perlmutter
The D.C. Circuit held that the Copyright Act requires every eligible work to be authored in the first instance by a human being.
Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), First Chamber · CK v Magistrat der Stadt Wien and Dun & Bradstreet Austria GmbH
The CJEU held that controllers must explain intelligibly how personal data shaped an automated decision; trade secrets do not bar access outright.
Seoul Administrative Court · A v. Seoul Bar Association (Lawform automated document drafting)
The court found Lawform's template-based drafting lawful but said generative AI drafting from a user's account of the facts could be legal practice.
Intellectual Property High Court of Japan · DABUS (出願却下処分取消請求控訴事件)
Japan’s IP High Court held that the Patent Act grants patent rights only for inventions made by natural persons, so DABUS cannot be named inventor.
Turkish Competition Board · Google (reklam teknolojileri hizmetleri)
The Board fined Google TRY 2.6 billion for using its ad server's auction rules to favour AdX, and ordered terms for rival SSPs no worse than its own.
Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) · Meta Platforms, Inc.
The PIPC fined Meta about KRW 21.6 billion for using sensitive data, such as religious and political views, of some 980,000 users to target ads without consent.
Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) · Worldcoin Foundation and Tools for Humanity
The PIPC imposed KRW 1.104 billion on the Worldcoin Foundation and Tools for Humanity for processing iris data without proper consent and sending it abroad.
Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) · Coupang Corp. and CPLB Co., Ltd.
The KFTC fined Coupang KRW 162.8 billion for pinning its own products near the top of search results; Coupang's challenge is pending.
Constitutional Court of Colombia (Corte Constitucional), Second Review Chamber · Tutela action on behalf of a child against an EPS (judge’s use of ChatGPT)
The Court found no due process breach where a judge consulted ChatGPT after reaching his decision, and set twelve principles for judicial use of AI.
Supreme Court of Korea · Socar v. National Labor Relations Commission (Tada drivers)
The Supreme Court held that a 'freelance' driver whose work was allocated and monitored through an app was an employee, with Socar as employer.
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · Mobley v. Workday, Inc.
The court held that Workday, to which employers allegedly delegated applicant screening, could be liable as their agent under federal anti-discrimination law.
Brazilian National Data Protection Authority (ANPD), Board of Directors · Meta Platforms, Inc. (generative AI training)
Brazil’s ANPD ordered Meta to suspend the AI-training part of its new privacy policy and the related processing, on pain of a daily fine.
Beijing Internet Court · Yin v. Beijing technology company et al. (殷某某诉北京某智能科技公司等)
The Beijing Internet Court held that protection of a person’s voice extends to an identifiable AI-generated voice and awarded RMB 250,000.
Superior Court of Washington for King County · State of Washington v. Puloka
A Washington trial court refused to admit a defense video enhanced with AI because the technique lacked general acceptance in forensic video analysis.
French Competition Authority (Autorité de la concurrence) · Alphabet Inc., Google LLC, Google Ireland Limited and Google France (compliance with related-rights commitments)
France’s competition authority fined Google €250 million for breaching its related-rights commitments, including by not disclosing Bard’s use of press content.
U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania · FTC v. Rite Aid Corporation
The FTC secured a five-year ban and extensive safeguards after Rite Aid’s facial recognition system wrongly flagged customers as shoplifters.
British Columbia Civil Resolution Tribunal · Moffatt v. Air Canada
The tribunal held Air Canada liable for negligent misrepresentation after its website chatbot gave wrong information about bereavement fares.
Guangzhou Internet Court · Shanghai Xinchuanghua v. AI service provider (Ultraman) (上海新创华诉某人工智能公司)
The Guangzhou Internet Court held an AI image service liable for infringing reproduction and adaptation rights by generating Ultraman images.
UK Supreme Court · Thaler v Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that an inventor must be a natural person and that owning the machine gives no right to a patent.
Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), First Chamber · OQ v Land Hessen (SCHUFA Holding – Scoring)
The CJEU held that a SCHUFA score on which banks rely heavily when deciding on credit is an automated individual decision under Article 22 GDPR.
Beijing Internet Court · Li v. Liu (李某诉刘某)
The Beijing Internet Court held that an image made with Stable Diffusion through the user’s prompts and parameters is a work authored by that user.
Municipal Court in Prague (Městský soud v Praze) · Plaintiff (anonymised) v. TAUBEL LEGAL, advokátní kancelář s.r.o.
The Prague court dismissed a claim over an AI-generated image, holding that only a natural person can be an author and treating the prompt as a mere idea.
Advertisement Board (Ministry of Trade) · ChatGPT tarafından oluşturulan üstünlük iddialı tanıtımlar
The Advertisement Board suspended ads in three cases that used unsubstantiated superiority claims generated by ChatGPT.
Personal Data Protection Board (KVKK) · Banka mobil uygulamasında dijital parola belirlerken yüz verisinin işlenmesi
The Board treated face data as special-category data, found alternative channels existed and imposed no fine, but warned the bank over poor notice.
Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) · OpenAI OpCo, LLC (ChatGPT)
The PIPC fined OpenAI KRW 3.6 million for not reporting within 24 hours a ChatGPT Plus leak that exposed data of 687 Korean users.
Turkish Competition Board · DSM Grup Danışmanlık İletişim ve Satış Ticaret AŞ (Trendyol)
The Board fined Trendyol TRY 61.3 million for algorithm interventions and use of seller data, and imposed algorithm-related obligations.
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Third Section · Glukhin v. Russia
The ECtHR found that identifying and arresting a solo protester in the Moscow underground with facial recognition breached Articles 8 and 10 ECHR.
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York · Mata v. Avianca, Inc.
A New York federal judge fined two lawyers and their firm $5,000 for submitting non-existent, ChatGPT-generated opinions and standing by them.
Amsterdam Court of Appeal (Gerechtshof Amsterdam) · Uber drivers v Uber B.V. (robo-firing)
The Amsterdam Court of Appeal held three drivers’ deactivations to be solely automated and ordered Uber to explain their logic under Article 15(1)(h) GDPR.
Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht), First Senate · Automated data analysis (Hesse hessenDATA and Hamburg)
Germany’s Federal Constitutional Court struck down Hesse and Hamburg rules letting police analyse stored data automatically without adequate thresholds.
Personal Data Protection Board (KVKK) · Yüz tanıma sistemiyle işe giriş-çıkış kontrolü
The Board held the employees' blanket consent invalid, found facial recognition disproportionate and ordered the biometric data destroyed.
Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) · Scatter Lab (Iruda chatbot)
The PIPC found eight breaches in Scatter Lab's use of some 600,000 users' KakaoTalk chats to build the Iruda chatbot and imposed KRW 103.3 million.
Turkish Competition Board · Google (yerel arama ve konaklama fiyatı karşılaştırma hizmetleri)
The Board fined Google TRY 296 million for shutting rival local search sites out of its Local Unit, and fined it again in 2024 for late compliance.
Tribunal of Bologna, Labour Section (Tribunale di Bologna, Sezione Lavoro) · Filcams CGIL Bologna, Nidil CGIL Bologna, Filt CGIL Bologna v Deliveroo Italia S.r.l.
The Bologna court held that Deliveroo's booking system, blind to the reasons for absence, put riders who joined strikes at a disadvantage.
Turkish Competition Board · Google (çevrim içi alışveriş karşılaştırma hizmetleri)
The Board fined Google TRY 98.35 million over its Shopping Unit but found no proof that its algorithms pushed rival sites down in organic results.
District Court of The Hague (Rechtbank Den Haag) · NJCM et al. v State of the Netherlands (SyRI)
The Hague District Court declared the SyRI fraud-detection legislation non-binding because the system was insufficiently transparent and verifiable.
Hangzhou Internet Court · Liang v. a technology company (梁某诉某科技公司)
The court held that the AI's promise to pay did not bind the provider, applied fault-based liability and found the provider not at fault.
No decision matches these filters.
How courts and authorities in different jurisdictions answered the same legal question, drawn from the decisions in this database.
The user's choice of prompts and parameters counted as original input.
Li v. Liu (李某诉刘某)United States · 2025NoA work must be authored in the first instance by a human; the application named the AI as sole author.
Thaler v. PerlmutterCzechia · 2023No (obiter)The court said only a natural person can be an author and a prompt is merely an idea; the claim itself failed on another ground.
Plaintiff (anonymised) v. TAUBEL LEGAL, advokátní kancelář s.r.o.Building the dataset fell within the text and data mining exceptions.
Kneschke v LAION e.V.United States · 2025In partTraining was fair use; building a library from pirated copies was not.
Bartz v. Anthropic PBCGermany · 2025NoMemorising lyrics in the model was reproduction, outside the exception.
GEMA v OpenAIUnited States · 2026NoUsing headnotes to build a competing product was not fair use (non-generative AI).
Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. ROSS Intelligence Inc.India · 2026Yes, at interim stageStoring news content to train the model was held prima facie to be fair dealing; an appeal is pending.
ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v. Open AI OpCo LLCThe bot is part of the company's website; damages were awarded for the wrong information.
Moffatt v. Air CanadaUnited States · 2025Claims proceededAt that stage the court did not treat model output as speech; product claims went ahead and the case later settled.
Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc.The lawyers and their firm were sanctioned with a $5,000 penalty.
Mata v. Avianca, Inc.United Kingdom · 2025Referred to regulatorsThe lawyers were referred to their regulators; the court stressed the duty to verify.
R (Ayinde) v London Borough of Haringey; Al-Haroun v Qatar National Bank QPSC and QNB Capital LLCTürkiye · 2026Bar and prosecutor notifiedThe court wrote the same day; the disciplinary and criminal outcome is not yet known.
Yapay zekâ ile hazırlanan dilekçede hatalı Yargıtay künyeleriSouth Korea · 2026Noted in the reasonsThe court stated in its judgment that unverified precedents relied on did not exist.
Company A (anonymised) invalidation action